Discussion Text

Discussion text digunakan untuk mendikusikan atau membandingkan beberapa argumen mengenai masalah tertentu, tentu saja yang namanya argumen pasti ada yang pro dan yang kontra seperti layaknya ketika sedang berdiskusi baik dengan teman, keluarga atau rekan bisnis.

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1.       Purpose               : to discuss or compare opinion about issues in more than one side

2.       Generic structures

a.       Issue             : some statements outlining the issue

b.      Argument   : evidence for diferrent arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’ the issue

c.       Conclusion  : conclusion or recommendation

3.       Languange features

1.       Simple present tense

2.       Relating verb/to be                 : is, am, are, etc

3.       Thinking verb                             : feel, hope, believe, etc

4.       General and abstract noun  : alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc

5.       Conjunction/transition          : although, even, if, etc

6.       Modality                                      : must, should, etc

7.       Adverb of manner                   : hopefully, etc

Example:

The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

Issue:
        Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate of whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. Some others, however, disagree because of its risks to the environment.

Argument ‘pro’:

Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing energy needs. In their opinion, the other sources of energy: oil, coal, andliquid natural gas are not renewable and safe, while nuclear energy can be sustainable when produced in a safe way.
Argument "contra":
        However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear energy point out that the waste of nuclear products can completely destroy the environment and human lives. A meltdown in a reactor, for example, usually results in the contamination of the surrounding soil and water. Take for example, the blow up of the nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in Russia twenty years ago. The serious contamination imperiled people and the environment severely.

Conclusion:
        It is obvious that nuclear energy should be avoided because it really endangers the environment but what about a less polluted energy instead of nuclear energy? Is there any alternative energy to overcome the crisis of energy?

taken from http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Explanation Text

Explanation text adalah teks yang berisi tentang pemaparan/penjelasan tentang suatu hal/peristiwa, bagaimana bisa terjadi, mengapa bisa terjadi, semacam itulah.

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1.       Purpose               : to inform about an object, how or why things occur/work/happen

2.       General structures

a.       General statement : describes or identifies the phenomenon that is going to explain

b.      Explanation        : tell the sequence of explanation that tell how or why the feature or process changes. Words should show cause and effect

c.       Closing                 : conclude what has explained before

3.       Language features

a.       Technical terms        : evaporation, degradation ... etc

b.      Action verbs

c.       Passive voice

d.      Noun phrase, adverbial phrase

e.      Simple present tense

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Example:

A brief Summary of Speech Production

General Statement:

Speech production is made possible by the specialised movements of our vocal organs that generate speech sounds waves.

Explanation:
        Like all sound production, speech production reguires a source of energy. The source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cords cause the

air stream to vibrate.

Explanation:

        As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air stream into a series of puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is still not speech.

Closing:
        To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech we continually alter the shape of the vocal track by moving the tongue and lips,etc. These movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract, which in turn produce the different sounds of speech.

Taken from http://www.text-types.com

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CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan admin, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

SPOOF

Cerita lucu, itulah spoof. Namanya juga lucu, pasti tujuannya juga untuk menghibur, bahasa kasarnya bikin kita ngakak, hahahahihihi.

Mau tahu ciri-ciri spoof dan contohnya? Ada di bawah, tenang-tenang!

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SPOOF

1.       Purpose                               : to entertain readers using humorous twist

2.       Generic structures

a.       Orientation                 : who were involved, when and where the story happened

b.      Events                          : tell what happened

c.       Twist                             : funniest part

3.       Language features

a.       Connectives

b.      Adverbial phrases of time and place

c.       Simple past tense

Example:

Aren't you his mother?

Orientation:

(who, when, where)

        A young boy was playing with a ball in the street.He kicked it too had, and it broke the window of a house and fell inside. A lady came to the window with the ball and shouted at the young boy, so he ran away, but he still wanted his ball back.

Event 1:

        A few minutes later he returned and knocked at the door of the house. When the lady answered it, he said,"My father's going to come and fix your window very soon."

Event 2:

        After a few more minutes a man came to the door with the tools in his hand, so the lady let the boy take his ball away.

Event 3:

        When the man finished the window, he said to the lady,"That wil cost you exactly ten dollars.

Twist (the funny part):

                "But aren't you the father of that young boy?"the woman asked looking surprised,"No." he answered, equally surprised,"Aren't you his mother?"

taken from www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan admin, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Well, setelah analytical exposition, beranjak ke saudaranya yaitu hortatory expositon. 

Dalam text ini, lebih ditekankan pada argumen yang seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya dilakukan, tetap saja sama-sama membujuk.

Berikut sajian tentang HORTATORY EXPOSITION:

1.       Purpose                               : to persuade that something shoul or should not be the case

2.       Generic structures         

a.       Thesis                           : stating an issue

b.      Arguments                 : giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation

c.       Recommendation    : suggesting what ought to or ought not to happen

3.       Language features

a.       Emotive words                                          : alarmed, worried, etc

b.      Words that qualify statement

c.       Words that link arguments

d.      Usually present tense

e.      Compund and complex sentences

f.        Modal auxiliary                                         : should, can, may, must, etc

Example:

Country Concern

Thesis

        In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.

Argument

        While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city

roads.

Argument

        Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about.

Recommendation

        I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

Taken from http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan admin, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Kembali dalam ulasan jenis-jenis text (bahasanya ogah-ogahan), setelah belajar berbagai macam jenis di post lalu sekarang ada lagi jenis yang namanya analytical exposition yang fungsinya untuk membujuk para pembaca di luar sana untuk menyetujui pemikiran si penulis. Tentunya juga disertai argumen-argument mengenai event yang dibicarakan baik pro ataupun kontra.

Sebenarnya bentuk exposition ada dua macam, pertama analytical exposition dan yang kedua adalah hortatory exposition, keduanya sama-sama membujuk. Hanya bedanya di hortatory exposition lebih menjelaskan apa yang seharusnya (should) dan tidak seharusnya (should not) dilakukan.

Well, hortatory exposition lain kali akan Ana bahas deh :D

Perhatikan deh strukturnya agar lebih jelas:

1.       Purpose                               : to persuade the readers/listeners , to analyze or to explain

2.       Generic structures

a.       Thesis                           : introduce topics and indicate the writes’s position, includes a preview argument

b.      Arguments                 : each argument must be supported by discussion and evidence

c.       Reiteration                 : restate the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments

3.       Language features

a.       Emotive words          : alarmed, worried, etc

b.      Words that qualify statement

c.       Words that link arguments

d.      Usually present tense

e.      Compund and complex sentences

f.        Action verbs               : we must ...

g.       Thinking verbs           : many people believe ...

h.      Connectives               : firstly, secondly ...

Example:

The Importance of the English language

Thesis:

        I personally think that English is the world's most important language. Why do I said that?

Argument 1:

        Firstly, English is an International language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first orsecond language.

Argument 2:

        Secondly, English is also the key to open doors to scientific and technical knowledge which is needed for the economic and positive development of many countries in the world.

Argument 3:

        English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don't.

Conclusion/Reiteration:

        From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.

Taken from: http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan admin, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

REPORT

Setelah ngomongin tentang reported speech, ada baiknya kalau sedikit belajar tentang jenis text yang namanya report, yaitu text yang fungsinya untuk menyajikan sebuah informasi tentang sesuatu, bisa kejadian, penemuan baru, benda atau apapun.

Sedikit berbeda dari news item (jangan dikira sama ya?), pada report tidak ada yang namanya kutipan langsung atau sumber yang ngelaporin sapa.

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Langsung ke penjelasannya aja ya!

1.       Purpose                               : to present information about something

2.       Generic structures         

a.       General cassification              : introduces the topic of the report

b.      Description                                 : tell the details of topic

3.       Language features

a.       General nouns                         

b.      Present tense

c.       Behavioral verbs                     

d.      Technical terms

e.      Relating verbs

Example:

White pelican

General Classification/Statement of the reported object:
        The white pelican is one of the most successful fish eating birds. The success is largely due to its command hunting behavior. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in curved are some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them.

Description:
      When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed. Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Foss is of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

Taken from: http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan admin, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

News Item

Sering baca koran, majalah, atau tabloid? Seing nonton berita di TV? Nah, tak salah lagi artikel-artikel yang kita baca atau yang dibacakan sama pembaca berita kek Rosiana Silalahi, semua itu berbentuk news item tapi dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Namanya juga berita, pasti fungsinya buat ngasih tahu orang tentang informasi, mau mereka nanya apa enggak yang penting tetep disampein, hehehe.

Untuk strukturnya sendiri Ana kurang merhatiin juga apakah sama struktur untuk text berbahasa inggris sama text yang biasa kit baca dalam bahasa Indonesia. Well, kali ini Ana jelasin tentang struktur yang versi buat bikin text bahasa inggrisnya ya!

Sumber gambar: blog sebelah

1.       Purpose                               : to inform / tell readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthly or important

2.       Generic structures

a.       News worthly event                       : tell the event in a summary form

b.      Background events                        : elaborate what happened, tell what caused the event

c.       Sources                                        : somments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event

3.       Language features

a.       Information on the use of the head lines

b.      Action verbs                               : hit, attack, etc

c.       Saying verbs                               : said, added, etc

d.      Passive sentences  

e.      Adverbs in passive sentences (bentuk pasif di-)

Example:

Indonesian Migrant Worker dies in Malaysia

Newsworthy Event:

An Indonesian migrant worker Munti Binti Bani has died on Monday after being hospitalized for several days due to alleged torture by her employees in Selangor, Malaysia.

Background Event:

Antara state news agency has reported that Munti had been treated at Tengku Ampuan Rahimah hospital since last Tuesday and died on Monday at 10 a.m, local time. Munti was found unconscious with her hands and feet were tied in a bathroom in Taman Sentosa housing complex last Tuesday. She was suffering from major wounds on her body and had apparently been beaten with iron.

        Munti's body will be sent tomorrow to her hometown in Pondok Jeruk Barat village of Jombang, East Java after undergoing autopsy at the hospital. “We express our deep condolences as there is yet another worker who was tortured and passed away at the hospital,” Indonesia's Ambassador for Malaysia, Da'i Bachtiar said in Kuala Lumpur on Monday. “The Embassy will arrange for all compensation, including insurance, she deserves to receive,” Da'i said.

        He added that Munti's employees Vanitha and Murugan had been detained and were undergoing questioning at the local police office.
Sources:

“We hope the police can uphold justice and punish them should they be proven to be involved in the case,” he said.

Taken from http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on! 

Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan Ana, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

Descriptive Text

Setelah recount, procedure dan narrative, kita sekarang beranjak ke jenis text selanjutnya yaitu descriptive. Sesuai dengan namanya deskripsi ya menjelaskan tentang sesuatu baik karakteristik, ciri-ciri, sifat atau lainnya dari sebuah benda, bisa orang, tempat, barang (apa bedanya sama benda coba?) dll.

Dari jaman SMP (atau malah SD) kita sering disuruh sama Bu Guru atau Pak Guru buat bikin text yang menceritakan diri sendiri kan ya? Ga? Aaah, jangan boong, Ana dulu juga sering kok disuruh bikin kaya gitu, bahkan sampe Ana sekarang kuliah pun dulu pernah disuruh sama Dosen bikin kaya gitu.

Haha, setiap disuruh bikin text semacam itu pasti di paragraf awal, kata-katanya begini, "My name is ..." atau "I am ... " yah intinya pertama kali bilang nama kita atau nama orang yang pengen dijelasin siapa. Setelah itu biasanya tanggal lahir, warna ramput, tinggi, hobi dll. Persis kalo kita kenalan di depan kelas wkwkwk.

Nah text seperti itulah yang termasuk descriptive, tapi inget ya, bukan hanya orang saja yang bisa didesripsikan.
Buat yang tertarik pengen bikin text descriptive ini nih petunjuk atau ciri-ciri yang ada pada text descriptive.

1.       Purpose                               : to describe a particular person, place or thing

2.       Generic structure

a.       Identification             : identify information to be described

b.      Description                 : describe parts, characteristics

3.       Language features         

a.       Focus on specific part participants

b.      Use of attributive and identifying processes

c.       Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups

d.      Simple present tense

e.      Past tense (if the object described is not exist anymore)

Example:

Natural Bridge National Park

Identification:

Natural Bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest.
Description:
      It is located 110 kilometres south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the LamingtonNational Park. The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short 1 kilometre walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets, barbecues, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

Taken from http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on!
Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan Ana, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.

Narrative Text

Wohoooww, ini nih jenis text yang paling jadi ujung tombak, paling banyak referensinya (kayak yang lain ga ada aja =_="). Dari kelas 1 sampe kelas 3 SMA, pasti dibahas jenis text ini.
Yup, narrative ya kaya narasi gitu, banyak cerita atau isinya kebanyakan cerita. Misalnya dongeng dan cerpen, semua itu bentuknya narrative. Secara tujuan narrative sendiri emang buat hiburan, kalo Ana nyebutnya dongeng sebelum tidur, kan Ibu biasanya cerita dulu sebelum kita tidur waktu kecil (padahal Ibuku sendiri ga pernah).

Nah, sekarang kita lihat sebenarnya text yang seperti apa sih narrative itu?

1.       Purpose                               : To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell the story (tadi kan udah dibilang buat menghibur kan?)

2.       Generic Structures:

a.       Orientation                 : introducing the characters and setting of time and place (perkenalan karakter, setting tempat, waktunya kapan gitu)

b.      Complication              : a crisis arises, teling the sequence of event with some parts become problems (Masalah yang diceritain apaan)

c.       Resolution                   : the crisis is resolved (Masalahnya selese deh)

d.      Re-orientation             : a closing remark, moral lesson,  optional (ada/tidaknya tergantung cerita) (Ini buat closing aja, misal pelajaran apa yang kita dapet dari cerita tersebut and so on!)

3.       Language features:

a.       Focus on specific usually individualized participants

b.      Simple past tense

c.       Temporal conjuction   : once upon a time, long ago, etc

Example:

Jealous Wife and Tricky Husband

Orientation    : 
        A jealous wife was continually quarreling with her husband over his mistress.
Complication :

One day the husband said, " Woman, you are driving me mad. I'd rather die than do battle with you again." Having said  that, he locked himself in his room and went without food for few days. At the end of it the wife felt sorry, so she said,"Enough is enough! I'll never show any jealousy over you mistress again."

After accepting a written statement of total obedience from his wife, he got out and ate heartily. And sure enough, she became as obedient as pet cat ever since.

A friend of the man also had a mistress and he too had got no peace from his wife. When he heard of the trick, he decided to try it on her. So when he came home, he locked himself up and refused to eat. Five days passed and fearing that he would die, he began to cry for food. Right then, his wife was in the next room preparing meat soup and barbequed beef. the pleasant smell floated over to his room, tempting the hungry man.

Unable to control himself any longer, he opened the door and begged his wife,"Listen! I promise that I'll never see the other woman again if you will give me some meat to eat."

Resolution  :

        "Only if you swear,' she demanded. Following that, she gave him the meat and ate it like a hungry wolf.

        Then next day, when he told his friend what had happened, the friend laughed and said, "Nobody can live five of six days without food and water. As for me, I hid a bag of shelled chestnuts in my sleeve, so that I could eat them in secret. that is the trick!".

Taken from http://www.text-types.com

CuanX -- Life goes on!
Disclaimer : tidak semua bagian dari postingan ini murni tulisan Ana, sebagian ada yang mengambil dari sumber lain yang dilampirkan, jika diketahui ada sumber yang belum dicantumkan bisa konfirmasi ke admin dan mohon maaf setulus-tulusnya bukan bermaksud plagiat.